https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Fco041&feedformat=atomNorcpm - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T06:40:53ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.6https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=387Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-16T13:36:12Z<p>Fco041: </p>
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<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-INES (2018-2021), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021), EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024), JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022), JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022), NFR COREA (2020-2023), SKD-PARCIM (2021-2024), NFR 4SICE (2021-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015), EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)],<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] and Sea ice outlook under the name BCCR and to CMIP6 DCPP under the name norcpm-1.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
<li>[https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7073/2021/ Bethke, I., Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N., Kimmritz, M., Fransner, F., Samuelsen, A., Langehaug, H., Svendsen, L., Chiu, P.G. and Passos, L., 2021. NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(11), pp.7073-7116.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.775394/full Singh, T., Counillon, F., Tjiputra, J., Wang, Y. and El Gharamti, M., 2022. Estimation of Ocean Biogeochemical Parameters in an Earth System Model Using the Dual One Step Ahead Smoother: A Twin Experiment. Frontiers in Marine Science.]</li><br />
<li>[https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-20-1007.1/JCLI-D-20-1007.1.xml Langehaug, H.R., Ortega, P., Counillon, F., Matei, D., Maroon, E., Keenlyside, N., Mignot, J., Wang, Y., Swingedouw, D., Bethke, I. and Yang, S., 2021. Propagation of Thermohaline Anomalies and their predictive potential along the Atlantic water pathway. Journal of Climate, pp.1-60.]</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang];<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=386Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-16T13:34:20Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-INES (2018-2021), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021), EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024), JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022), JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022), NFR COREA (2020-2023), SKD-PARCIM (2021-2024), NFR 4SICE (2021-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015), EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)],<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] and Sea ice outlook under the name BCCR and to CMIP6 DCPP under the name norcpm-1.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
<li>[https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7073/2021/ Bethke, I., Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N., Kimmritz, M., Fransner, F., Samuelsen, A., Langehaug, H., Svendsen, L., Chiu, P.G. and Passos, L., 2021. NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(11), pp.7073-7116.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.775394/full Singh, T., Counillon, F., Tjiputra, J., Wang, Y. and El Gharamti, M., 2022. Estimation of Ocean Biogeochemical Parameters in an Earth System Model Using the Dual One Step Ahead Smoother: A Twin Experiment. Frontiers in Marine Science.]</li><br />
<li>[https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-20-1007.1/JCLI-D-20-1007.1.xml Langehaug, H.R., Ortega, P., Counillon, F., Matei, D., Maroon, E., Keenlyside, N., Mignot, J., Wang, Y., Swingedouw, D., Bethke, I. and Yang, S., 2021. Propagation of Thermohaline Anomalies and their predictive potential along the Atlantic water pathway. Journal of Climate, pp.1-60.]</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=385Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-16T13:29:22Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-INES (2018-2021), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021), EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024), JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022), JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022), NFR COREA (2020-2023), SKD-PARCIM (2021-2024), NFR 4SICE (2021-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015), EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)],<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
<li>[https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7073/2021/ Bethke, I., Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N., Kimmritz, M., Fransner, F., Samuelsen, A., Langehaug, H., Svendsen, L., Chiu, P.G. and Passos, L., 2021. NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(11), pp.7073-7116.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.775394/full Singh, T., Counillon, F., Tjiputra, J., Wang, Y. and El Gharamti, M., 2022. Estimation of Ocean Biogeochemical Parameters in an Earth System Model Using the Dual One Step Ahead Smoother: A Twin Experiment. Frontiers in Marine Science.]</li><br />
<li>[https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-20-1007.1/JCLI-D-20-1007.1.xml Langehaug, H.R., Ortega, P., Counillon, F., Matei, D., Maroon, E., Keenlyside, N., Mignot, J., Wang, Y., Swingedouw, D., Bethke, I. and Yang, S., 2021. Propagation of Thermohaline Anomalies and their predictive potential along the Atlantic water pathway. Journal of Climate, pp.1-60.]</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=384Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-07T08:50:52Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
<li>[https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/7073/2021/ Bethke, I., Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N., Kimmritz, M., Fransner, F., Samuelsen, A., Langehaug, H., Svendsen, L., Chiu, P.G. and Passos, L., 2021. NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(11), pp.7073-7116.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2022.775394/full Singh, T., Counillon, F., Tjiputra, J., Wang, Y. and El Gharamti, M., 2022. Estimation of Ocean Biogeochemical Parameters in an Earth System Model Using the Dual One Step Ahead Smoother: A Twin Experiment. Frontiers in Marine Science.]</li><br />
<li>[https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/aop/JCLI-D-20-1007.1/JCLI-D-20-1007.1.xml Langehaug, H.R., Ortega, P., Counillon, F., Matei, D., Maroon, E., Keenlyside, N., Mignot, J., Wang, Y., Swingedouw, D., Bethke, I. and Yang, S., 2021. Propagation of Thermohaline Anomalies and their predictive potential along the Atlantic water pathway. Journal of Climate, pp.1-60.]</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=383Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-07T08:47:19Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
<li>Bethke, I., Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N., Kimmritz, M., Fransner, F., Samuelsen, A., Langehaug, H., Svendsen, L., Chiu, P.G. and Passos, L., 2021. NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(11), pp.7073-7116.</li><br />
<li>Singh, T., Counillon, F., Tjiputra, J., Wang, Y. and El Gharamti, M., 2022. Estimation of Ocean Biogeochemical Parameters in an Earth System Model Using the Dual One Step Ahead Smoother: A Twin Experiment. Frontiers in Marine Science.</li><br />
<li>Langehaug, H.R., Ortega, P., Counillon, F., Matei, D., Maroon, E., Keenlyside, N., Mignot, J., Wang, Y., Swingedouw, D., Bethke, I. and Yang, S., 2021. Propagation of Thermohaline Anomalies and their predictive potential along the Atlantic water pathway. Journal of Climate, pp.1-60.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=382Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-07T08:41:48Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [http://noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=381Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2022-03-07T08:40:56Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [noresm.org]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
<li> [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abfe8b Guttu,S., Y. Orsolini, F. Stordal, O. H. Otterå and N.-E. Omrani The 11 year solar cycle UV irradiance effect and its dependency on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (2021) 064030.]</li><br />
<li> [https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/1029 Guttu S, Orsolini Y, Stordal F, Otterå OH, Omrani N-E, Tartaglione N, Verronen PT, Rodger CJ, Clilverd MA. Impacts of UV Irradiance and Medium-Energy Electron Precipitation on the North Atlantic Oscillation during the 11-Year Solar Cycle. Atmosphere (Special Issue Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Its Response to External Forcing—Observations and Models). 2021; 12(8):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081029.]</li> <br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=375Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T19:19:06Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2589-2016 Schwinger et al. 2016],[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME-CMIP6 || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 0.9x1.25&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1.3-HR || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=374Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T09:33:50Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-HH || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner] [https://www.nersc.no/staff/tarkeshwar-singh Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=373Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T09:21:08Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-HH || .25; || tripolar .25; || || [https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020 Seland et al. 2020]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=372Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T09:00:39Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-LM || 2&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-HH || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=371Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:57:28Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-L || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MM || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-HH || 1&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=370Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:54:04Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFI Climate Futures (2020-2030), NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024); JPI ROADMAP (2020-2022); JPI-EUREC4A-OA (2020-2022); NFR COREA (2020-2023)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=369Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:48:16Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment, in prep for Frontiers in Earth system Sciences</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=368Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:47:24Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<li>Keenlyside N, Kosaka Y, Vigaud N, Robertson A, Wang Y, Dommenget D, et al. Basin Interactions and predictability. In: Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins. 2020.</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
<li>Sing T. et al. Parameter estimation for ocean biogeochemical component in a global model using Ensemble Kalman Filter: a twin experiment</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=367Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:32:52Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=366Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:31:26Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05196-4 Dai P, Gao Y, Counillon F, Wang Y, Kimmritz M, Langehaug HR. Seasonal to decadal predictions of regional Arctic sea ice by assimilating sea surface temperature in the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. Climate Dynamics. 2020]<br />
<li>Yang S, Gao Y, Koenigk T, Keenlyside N, Counillon F. The Climate Model: An ARCPATH Tool to Understand and Predict Climate Change. In: Nordic Perspectives on the Responsible Development of the Arctic: Pathways to Action. 2020.</li><br />
<br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=365Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:26:43Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2525-0 D. Smith et al., North Atlantic climate far more predictable than models imply, Nature, 583, 796–800 (2020)]</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP, in prep for GMD</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=364Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T08:19:17Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00386 Fransner, F., Counillon, F., Bethke I., Tjiputra J., Samuelsen A., Nummelin A., Olsen, A. Ocean Biogeochemical Predictions—Initialization and Limits of Predictability. Frontiers in Marine Science, 16, 2020 ]</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=363Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2021-03-02T07:53:40Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal(S2S)prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. A 30-year set of coupled S2S hindcasts were made with initialised atmosphere, ocean and land components to examine the role of snow cover initialisation in wintertime predictions through a stratosphere-troposphere coupling. A twin hindcast set with scrambled snow initial conditions was also made to determine the skill increment. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-020-05605-8 Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the equatorial Atlantic, Clim Dyn (2021).</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
<br /> '''High-top version''' [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li] [https://www.nilu.com/?s=Orsolini&post_type=employee Prof. Yvan J. Orsolini]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!S2S-hind-hightop||Reana-V1a ||3 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2016 || NOV 1st ||30 || /projects/NS9207K/feili/NorCPM_19811101 || doi:10.11582/2019.00014 ||Li et al., JGR-2019 ||<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=358Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2020-03-02T11:47:39Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=357Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2020-03-02T11:23:09Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-F || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-H || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-High-Top || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || The atmosphere component CAM is replaced by WACCM|| [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''High-Top''': the system is developped for subseasonal-to-seasonal prediction [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 Li et al. 2019]. In this version, the atmospheric component (normally the CAM model) is replaced with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 4 (Marsh et al., 2013). WACCM extends vertically into the mesosphere‐lower thermosphere region (up to 5.9 × 10−6 hPa, approximately 140 km). In addition, it incorporates an interactive stratospheric chemistry package and a parameterization of orographic and nonorographic (convective and frontal) gravity waves. <br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018-2026), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU (2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS (2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030903 F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001825 Kimmritz, M., Counillon, F., Smedsrud, L. H., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Ogawa, F., & Wang, Y. ( 2019). Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11.]</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019): The mean state and variability of the North Atlantic circulation: A perspective from ocean reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 124, 2–30.]</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path on NIRD !! Dataset DOI !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || 10.11582/2016.00002 || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || || [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang et al. 2019]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || ||none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || 10.11582/2019.00029 || [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015210 Jackson et al. (2019)], Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ || ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || ||Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcasts<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || doi || papers || prediction skill [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/index2.html IVersions (beta)]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| ||Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || 10.11582/2019.00028 || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || none || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || ||Counillon et al. in prep || [http://ns9039k.web.sigma2.no/pgchiu/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled/index.html ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i2 (aka V1C)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!NorCPM1_i1 (aka V1A)|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/noresm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=331Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-30T06:39:45Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018 - 2026),( [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. 2019<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep1,Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=330Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T14:24:04Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), NFR-INES (2018 - 2026),( [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. 2019<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every year || 10 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=328Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:35:09Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. The combined EnKF-OI and Dual resolution EnKF are also tested. The EnOI is also considered as one of the benchmark in which covariance are constructed from a long pre industrial run. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. 2019<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=327Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:33:33Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br /> Dr Barthelemy is currently investigating a suites of computationally cheaper data assimilation method than the standard EnKF. The first one is the Hybrid EnKF-OI which combine the dynamical covariance with stain covariance from a long 300 year pre industrial run. The second one seeing the Dual-resolution EnKF in which the covariance of the system at two resolution are combined for the data assimilation step. <br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Sebastien.Barthelemy, Dr. Sebastien Barthelemy]<br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. 2019<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=326Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:27:14Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep1 identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep1). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep1.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP in prep2</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep2<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. 2019<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep1<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. sub, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||Bethke et al. in prep1, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep1 || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Kimmritz et al. sub || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep2 || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=325Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:14:03Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. JGR 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=324Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:11:55Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1a || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1a || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2a || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2a || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1c || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=323Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:08:37Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon F., Keenlyside N., Koseki S., Demissie T., Svendsen L., Toniazzo T., Bethke I., Wang Y. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=322Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:07:02Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=321Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:05:48Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||norcpm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice || Wang et al 2017, no vert ||noresm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || Bethke et al in prep <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=320Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T08:00:09Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1c|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-CMIP6-NorCPM1_V1a|| Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-LM || 1960-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || ../NorESM1-CMIP6/norcpm1-cmip6_hindcast/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=319Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T07:56:15Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2099 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=318Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T07:55:25Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c-60 || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 60 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c60/ana_19800115_me/ ||Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=317Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T07:53:07Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017] || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=316Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T07:11:46Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=315Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T07:11:03Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1-LM|| NorESM1-LM || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP6 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-CMIP6// || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1a || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1a || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||noresm1-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-NorCPM1_V1c || NorESM1-LM || anom || V1c || Hadisst2/NOAA+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1950-2018 || CMIP6 hist || ocn+ice ||Bethke et al in prep ||norcpm-cmip6_analysis_19500115/ || <br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=314Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T06:58:02Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=313Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T06:56:57Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Ingo Bethke et al., NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=312Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T06:51:48Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>M. Kimmritz�, F. Counillon, L. H. Smedsrud, I. Bethke, N. Keenlyside, F. Ogawa, Y. Wang Impact of ocean and sea ice initialisation on seasonal prediction skill in the Arctic, sub to JAMES.</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review, JGR.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Atmospheric response to synchronised variability of sea ice., in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. Ocean biogeochemical predictions -initialization and limits of predictability, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Impact of ensembles size for initialisation and prediction skills. in prep</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=311Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T06:43:47Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c and v1a will be used for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=310Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-29T06:42:36Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5 forcings || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LM || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP6 forcings || Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9 Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, Clim Dyn, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9]</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses, under review.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=307Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-28T13:48:52Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5; and a version in preparation for CMIP6 || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF Clim Dyn (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9</li><br />
<li>F. Li, Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=306Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-28T13:47:39Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5; and a version in preparation for CMIP6 || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF Clim Dyn (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9</li><br />
<li>Y. J. Orsolini, N. Keenlyside, M.-L. Shen, F. Counillon, Y. Wang Impact of snow initialization in subseasonal-to-seasonal winter forecasts with the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model. 10.1029/2019JD030903</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=305Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-08-28T13:41:50Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5; and a version in preparation for CMIP6 || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang, Y., Counillon, F., Keenlyside, N. et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF Clim Dyn (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04897-9</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=303Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2019-05-27T15:19:12Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5; and a version in preparation for CMIP6 || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), [https://ncoe-arcpath.org Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020)], EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, submitted</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers || prediction skill<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2-SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010 ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V2a-hindcast ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1b-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM_V1c-ana_19800115_me_hindcasts ACC]<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep || [http://158.39.77.150/NorCPM-Anomaly_coupled ACC]<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=296Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2018-12-19T08:33:29Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || CMIP5; and a version in preparation for CMIP6 || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020), EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, submitted</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ ||<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=Norwegian_Climate_Prediction_Model&diff=295Norwegian Climate Prediction Model2018-12-19T08:32:11Z<p>Fco041: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (NorCPM) is aiming at providing prediction from seasonal-to-decadal time scale. It is based on the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM, [https://wiki.met.no/noresm/start]) and the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Kalman_filter]) data assimilation method. NorESM is a state of the art Earth system model that is based on the Community Earth System Model (CESM, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Earth_System_Model]) but uses a different aerosol/chemistry scheme and ocean model (evolved from MICOM). [[File:slide1.jpg | thumb | The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model]] The EnKF is a sequential data assimilation method that allows for fully multivariate and flow-dependent corrections using a covariance matrix produced by a Monte-Carlo ensemble integration.<br />
<br />
== NorESM model versions used in NorCPM== <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Version || atmosphere/land resolution || ocean/sea ice resolution || description || reference <br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-L || T31 || bipolar gx3v7 (~3&#176;) || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/5/1033/2012/gmd-5-1033-2012.pdf Zhang et al., 2012]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-LT || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017], [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945, Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! BCCRFAST|| 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || tripolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2018-217/ Gao et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ME || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || || [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/687/2013/gmd-6-687-2013.html Bentsen et al. 2013], [https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/301/2013/ Tjiputra et al., 2013]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM1-ACPL || 1.9&#176;x2.5&#176; || bipolar 1&#176; || Anomaly coupling modifies coupling fields by a fixed seasonal climatological correction, <br />such that biases in SSTs and surface wind stress are obviated. || [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018MS001288 Toniazzo and Koseki 2018]<br />
|-<br />
!NorESM2-MH || 1&#176; || bipolar 1/4&#176; || || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-018-4184-5 Langehaug et al. 2018]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== NorCPM Versions ==<br />
'''FREE''': refers to an ensemble simulation of NorESM carried without assimilation and starting from the same initial ensemble than the assimilation experiment. The initial ensemble is generated by spinning up an ensemble of states (sampled from a long preindustrial forcing run) with real historical forcing from 1850. Such an experiment provides a benchmark for data assimilation and is also used to disentangle the part of prediction skill related to natural internal variability from the part driven by external forcing.<br />
<br /> '''Version 0 (V0)''': refers to version of NorCPM that assimilates SST only. SST is the only observational dataset available in the ocean for a period of time sufficient (> 100 years) to clearly demonstrate the skill of decadal prediction. Assimilation updates vertically the full ocean while the remaining components of the Earth system model (atmosphere, sea ice, land) are left unchanged but they will adjust dynamically between the monthly assimilation step (an approach referred as weakly coupled data assimilation). <br />
:V0 was first tested in idealised twin experiment ([http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]). It is found that assimilation reduces error and can constrain well the variability of the ocean – with the largest improvements in the near surface and sea ice with some benefit over land for temperature and precipitation. The system beats persistence forecast and shows skill for the heat content in the Nordic Seas that is close to the upper predictability limit.<br />
:V0 was tested in a real framework and a long stochastic reanalysis was produced for the period 1950—2010 which assimilates the anomaly of the HadiSST2 within the period 1950-2010. HadiSST2 provides a stochastic reconstruction of SST - that is, providing a three-dimensional estimate of the measurement and its accuracy - for the period 1850-2010. A method referred to as upscaling ([https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016]) is used to ensure that the assimilation does not introduce a drift when updating the non-Gaussian distributed layer thickness variables. The system can reproduce well the North Atlantic variability and shows good agreement with the independent objective analysis of the oceanic heat content and salt content globally. It was noted that using a flow-dependent data assimilation method and formulating the ocean covariance in isopycnal coordinates are an important ingredient for efficiently propagating the surface information below the mixed layer in the Labrador Sea and to constrain the formation of deep water convection. <br />
:In Wang et al. (sub) hindcasts are started from a shorter reanalysis (started in 1980) reanalysis. The system shows highly competitive skill compared to [https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/model-data/model-datasets/north-american-multi-model-ensemble North American Multi-Model Ensemble] and skillful skill for sea ice extent was variability is driven by ocean variability (e.g. in the boreal winter in the Barents Sea, the Labrador Sea and Greenland Iceland Nordic Seas). The skill of decadal hindcasts was tested for 1955:2010. There is some skill for prediction of AMO and AMOC at 26 but the prediction of the SPG is poor despite a very good match during the reanalysis. Bethke et al. in prep identified that the reason for the poor forecast is a combination of poor initialisation of the deep subtropical water temperature and near-surface salinity in the SPG region.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 1 (V1)''': the system is complemented with the assimilation of hydrographic profiles. Assimilating observations in an isopycnal coordinate model is not straightforward as the observation operator must interpolate either from isopycnal coordinates to z coordinates or vice versa. In [https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang et al. 2016] it is shown that the approach to interpolate the model onto z coordinates (still keeping the covariance in isopycnal coordinates) is more linear than interpolating the observations to isopycnal coordinates and as such more efficient. Practical implementations of localisation and the representation error were extensively tested and V1 has been run with an optimal setting. The system is shown to be able to constrain well the error in the interior while being reliable. The performance of the prediction was tested for the period 1980-2017 in the real framework with anomaly assimilation. While complementing the system with hydrographic profile yields little benefit on the seasonal time scale, it greatly enhances the skill for decadal predictions in the SPG region (Bethke et al. in prep). There are currently different version of V1. In V1a, all ocean observations are kept and we do not update the sea ice compartment during assimilation. In V1b, we reject observation if it is located in places where there is ice. In v1c all observations are retained but the error for hydrographic profiles is inflated by a factor of 3 in sea ice covered region because there is large uncertainty for the climatology there (with anomaly assimilation). We also update the sea ice compartment (strongly coupled DA). Most difference between v1a, v1b, and v1c is in sea ice covered region and v1c is performing best there. V1c will be the default version for CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<br />
<br /> '''Version 2 (V2)''': the system is complemented with assimilation of sea ice concentration. In [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018], we tested different implementations of the data assimilation system in an idealised twin experiment. It is shown that a joint update of the ocean and the sea ice state during the assimilation is beneficial (strongly coupled data assimilation) with a flow-dependent covariance method. It is also strongly beneficial to include the different thickness categories in the state vector. Assimilation is able to constrain well errors in sea ice and in the near-surface ocean. The method is tested in the real framework in Kimmritz et al. in prep. The system show reduced error for sea ice thickness. Prediction of sea ice extent are also greatly enhanced in many regions were sea ice yields predictability.<br />
<br />
<br /> For each of the NorCPM version the assimilation are either carried using '''full field assimilation''' or '''anomaly assimilation'''. In '''full field assimilation''' the observations are assimilated as they are. An advantage of that approach is that it constrains the model bias, but there is a risk that models are attracted to their bias climatology. In such a case, the redundant corrections will transfer the bias from the observed variables to the non-observed variables via the covariance during assimilation. In '''anomaly assimilation''' the anomaly of model and observation are calculated from their respective seasonal climatology before they are compared. As a consequence, bias is left as they are and we aim only at synchronising the variability. This approach also has some drawback as bias in the mean state comes with a bias in its variability (for example with the classical bilocation of the Gulf Stream). [https://www.nonlin-processes-geophys.net/21/521/2014/ Carrassi et al. 2014] details the advantage and inconvenient of both approaches. <br />
<br />
<br />
=== Projects funding the NorCPM activities === <br />
<br /> '''Current''':NFR-SFE (2018-2021), EU-Blue-Action (2016-2019), Norforsk-ARCPATH (2016-2020), EU-INTAROS (2016-2020), BFS-BCPU(2018-2021); EU-TRIATLAS(2019-2024)<br />
<br /> '''Completed''':NFR-SNOWGLACE (2015-2018), NFR-EPOCASA (2014-2017), EU-PREFACE (2014-2017), SKD-PARADIGM (2015-2017), SKD- INCREASE (2015-2017), SKD-PRACTICE (2012-2015)<br />
<br />
<br /> NorCPM activities receive a grant for computer time from the Norwegian Program for supercomputer (NOTUR2, project number NN9039K) and a storage grant (NORSTORE, NS9039K).<br />
== Publications, outreach etc. ==<br />
NorCPM is contributing to the [https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/seasonal-to-decadal/long-range/wmolc-adcp WMO Lead Centre for Annual-to-Decadal Climate Prediction] under the name BCCR. We intend to contribute to CMIP6 DCPP.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>[http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon, F., Bethke, I., Keenlyside, N., Bentsen, M., Bertino, L., & Zheng, F. (2014). Seasonal-to-decadal predictions with the ensemble Kalman filter and the Norwegian Earth System Model: a twin experiment. Tellus A, 66. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v66.21074]</li><br />
<li>[https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.2709 Wang Y, Counillon F, Bertino L. Alleviating the bias induced by the linear analysis update with an isopycnal ocean model. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2709]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon F, Keenlyside N, Bethke I, Wang Y, Billeau S, Shen M-L, et al. Flow-dependent assimilation of sea surface temperature in isopycnal coordinates with the Norwegian climate prediction model. Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. 2016;68:32437.]</li><br />
<li>[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8cfa/meta Gleixner S.; Keenlyside N.; Dimissie T., Counillon F., Wang Y.; Viste E. Seasonal predictability of Kiremt rainfall in CGCMs, Environmental Research Letters 2017.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang Y, Counillon F, Bethke I, Keenlyside N, Bocquet M, Shen M-L. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation. Ocean Modelling. 2017;114.]</li><br />
<li>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz M., Counillon F., Bitz C.M., Massonnet F., Bethke I., Gao Y. Optimising assimilation of sea ice concentration in an Earth system model with a multicategory sea ice model, Tellus A., 2018]</li><br />
<li>Wang et al. Seasonal predictions initialised by assimilating sea surface temperature observations with the EnKF, submitted</li><br />
<li>Kimmritz et al. Added value of sea ice assimilation for seasonal prediction in the Arctic, in prep</li><br />
<li>Jackson et al. North Atlantic circulation: a perspective from ocean reanalyses.</li><br />
<li>Bethke et al. Impact of subtropical North Atlantic initialisation errors on subpolar gyre prediction in prep.</li><br />
<li>Ogawa et al. Arctic sea ice has no influence on AO/NAO, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Counillon et al. Relating model bias and prediction skill in the tropical Atlantic, in prep.</li><br />
<li>Fransner et al. What yields predictability of biochemistry for seasonal to decadal time scale, in prep.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== User Resources ==<br />
All the code for running the system is available on GitHub. The repository is private so please request to an account to access it.<br />
[[https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM https://github.com/BjerknesCPU/NorCPM]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Contact informations == <br />
<br /> '''Leader''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Noel.Keenlyside Prof. Noel Keenlyside]; <br />
<br /> '''NorESM related questions''' [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/ingo-bethke/ Dr. Ingo Bethke], [https://uni.no/en/staff/directory/alok-kumar-gupta/ Alok Gupta];<br />
<br /> '''Data assimilation related questions''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/yiguo-wang Dr. Yiguo Wang]; <br />
<br /> '''Sea ice prediction''' [https://www.nersc.no/staff/madlen-kimmritz Dr. Madlen Kimmritz], [https://www.nersc.no/staff/francois-counillon Dr. François Counillon]<br />
<br /> '''Atmospheric nudging''' [https://www.uib.no/en/persons/Mao-Lin.Shen Dr. Mao-Lin Shen], [https://www.nilu.no/Default.aspx?tabid=70&ctl=EmployeeDetails&mid=972&employeeid=6798&tabmoduleid=2333 Dr. Fei Li];<br />
<br /> '''Biochemistry predictions''' [https://www.uib.no/personer/Sara.Filippa.Krusmynta.Fransner Dr. Filippa Fransner]<br />
== Existing runs == <br />
Following is a table that summarise the different experiment runs available so far:<br />
<br />
All data are available on Norwegian storage facilities [https://opslog.sigma2.no/ NIRD norwegian ]. All path below are given relative to the path /projects/NS9039K/shared/norcpm/cases/NorCPM/. If you have access to NIRD but not to NS9039K contact Noel Keenlyside or Ingo Bethke otherwise contact the person with relevant expertise as detailed in the Contact information section.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Reanalysis<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! NorESM version !! full_field/anom !! NorCPM version !! Obs data set !! ens size !! assim freq !! period !! forcing !! var updated !! localisation !! Path !! Publications using it<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_PI || NorESM1-L || full_field || V0 || Micom SST || 30 || monthly || 610-710 || PI || ocn(all) || poin hor. no vert || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_PI || NorESM1-L || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 610-710 || PI || - || - || tape || [http://www.tellusa.net/index.php/tellusa/article/view/21074 Counillon et al. 2014]<br />
|-<br />
! Free_NorESM1|| NorESM1-ME || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 ||CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../NorESM1-ME_historicalExt_noAssim/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-long|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32437 Counillon et al. 2016], Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-V0-short|| NorESM1-ME || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||30 obs || True_Obs-1980-2000/ana_19800115_me/ || Wang et al. sub<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v0|| BCCRFAST || anom || V0 || HadiSST2 || 30 || monthly || 1950-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||poin hor. no vert || ana_19500115_bccrfast || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-bccrfast_v1|| BCCRFAST || anom || V1 || HadiSST2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || ana_19791115_bccrfast_SSTTS || none<br />
|-<br />
! Free_bccrfast || BCCRFAST || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1850-2010 || CMIP5 hist || - || - || ../bccr-fast_historical_18500101/ || none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me/ || Jakson et al. in prep, Bethke et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1-F || NorESM1-ME || full-field || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2000-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || tape || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146350031730063X?via%3Dihub Wang et al. 2017]<br />
|-<br />
! SFE || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || NOAA-SST+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 2006-present|| CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert|| True_Obs-2006-2017/reanalysis/|| none<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-acpl || NorESM1-acpl || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || Anomaly_coupled/ || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Free_twin_V2 || NorESM1-LT || FREE || - || - || 30 || - || 1000-1020 || PI || - || - || Twin_experiment/TWIN_Free || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana_twin_V2|| NorESM1-LT || full field || V2 || micom_icec || 30 || monthly || 1000-1020 || PI ||ocn(all) + ice(all) || 800 km || Twin_experiment/TwinA56/ || [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/16000870.2018.1435945 Kimmritz et al. 2018]<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-F || NorESM1-ME || full field || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || <br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v2-a || NorESM1-ME || anom || V2 || Hadisst2+EN4.1 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) + ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert, 800 km || NorCPM_V2a/ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1980-2010/ || Kimmritz et al. in prep, Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1b || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles; masked in sea ice || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me/ || Ogawa et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
! Reana-v1c || NorESM1-ME || anom || V1 || Hadisst2+EN4.2 profiles || 30 || monthly || 1980-2010 || CMIP5 hist || ocn(all)+ice(all) ||Wang et al 2017, no vert || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Hindcats<br />
|-<br />
! Name || Reana used || length || Model || period || frequency || enssize || path || papers <br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V0|| Reana-V0 || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1955-2010 || Every 2 years || 20 || True_Obs-1950-2010/ME_hindcasts/ || Bethke et al. in prep <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2F||Reana-v2-F || 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2/SeasHind_ana_me_ICEC-SST-S-T-1985-2010/ || none<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V2a||Reana-v2-a|| 13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 ||4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V2a/hindcast/|| Kimmritz et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!Dec-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a || 10 years || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || Every 2 years || 5 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_dec_19851015/ || Bethke et al. in prep <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1a|| Reana-V1a ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || Wang et al. in prep<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1b|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2010 || 4 times per year ||9 || NorCPM_V1b/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ || <br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-V1c|| Reana-V1b ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year || 9 || NorCPM_V1c/ana_19800115_me_hindcasts/ ||<br />
|-<br />
!seas-hind-acpl||Reana-acpl ||13 months || NorESM1-ME || 1985-2017 || 4 times per year ||9 || Anomaly_coupled/acpl_19800115_me_hindcasts_* || Counillon et al. in prep<br />
|}</div>Fco041https://wiki.app.uib.no/norcpm/index.php?title=File:Slide1.jpg&diff=294File:Slide1.jpg2018-12-19T08:31:45Z<p>Fco041: </p>
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